Frank Nasworthy is credited with one of skateboarding's legendary breakthroughs. His vision led to a resurgence of skateboarding in the 1970s. This is the story of how the skateboard wheel went from clay to urethane.
As a teenager in the east coast town of Norfolk, Virginia, Frank got caught up in the skateboard craze that swept the country.
He, too, bought a board with clay wheels.
Although Frank remembers the skateboard as a "fun thing," his main passion was surfing.
When skateboards died out a few years later, Frank remained a committed surfer. In 1970, he found himself in Washington, DC.
In the summer of that year, one of Frank's high school friends, Bill Harward, came around for a visit.
Bill mentioned he was going to visit another friend who lived in Virginia. So Frank and Bill set off on the trip to Purcellville.
Creative Urethanes
The friend's father ran a backyard shop called Creative Urethanes.
Urethane is a petroleum-based product that was developed in the 1930s in Germany. It has incredible resiliency and is very durable.
As Frank was walking through the shop, he spotted some large, 55-gallon drums filled with what appeared to be roller skate wheels.
When Frank asked what the wheels were used for, the owner explained that he had received a request from a chain of rollerskate rinks called Roller Sports to make a rollerskate wheel that wouldn't wear out.
He was making small quantities just for the rinks.
At that moment, Frank realized, "These wheels would fit our Hobie skateboards."
The owner was happy to oblige - the wheels he had seen in the drums were seconds. That day, Frank Nasworthy took home 30 sets of wheels.
Frank and Bill headed back to Washington and replaced their clay wheels with their new urethane ones.
Magically, the ride became smooth, stable, and quiet.
As Frank says, "We had free rein over the entire Washington, DC, area."
People who tried their urethane-wheeled boards were astounded by the ride.
Note that these wheels did not have precision bearings like today's skateboard wheels; they utilized loose ball bearings (16 per wheel).
A Cadillac-Type of Ride
In 1971, Frank and Bill decided to head out to California. Their sole reason was to go surfing.
As they traveled up and down the coast, they stopped by the town of Encinitas. It was here that Frank decided to stay.
He found a place to live, surfed, and got a job in a restaurant. Life was going well.
But Frank hadn't forgotten about the urethane wheels.
He began to think there might be a market for them and decided to contact Creative Urethanes to see if they could send him some more sets.
Their response was that they couldn't sell Frank the other customer's wheels - he would have to design a wheel for himself.
Frank had studied engineering and design in college, so he went about creating his own urethane wheel. After Frank designed the first urethane skateboard wheel, he had to place his first order.
"Gotta buy a thousand," was the response from Creative Urethanes.
Although Bill Harward was now stationed in Los Angeles, he had stayed in contact with Frank. On one of his visits down to Encinitas, the two discussed what to name the wheels.
As they were talking, a Cadillac dog food commercial appeared on the television, and inspiration struck.
They realized that this was exactly what they had done for the skateboard wheel - give it a sense of luxury, a Cadillac-type of ride.
The first set of Cadillac wheels was sent out to Frank in 1972. He proceeded to load up his car and drive around to two hundred surf shops in Southern California.
Although the skateboarding craze had died, there were still pockets of retailers who sold boards.
Frank's sales pitch focused on getting people to replace their clay wheels with his urethane ones. Unfortunately, shop owners were not so enthused.
As Frank explains, "Shop owners would say, 'I can buy a clay wheel for much less money than your urethane.'"
New Market, New Players
A set of Frank's wheels would retail for $8, a fairly high premium - remember, this was at a time when you could buy a complete skateboard for almost $8.
But eventually, Frank was able to find a few customers willing to give his Cadillac Wheels a try.
To create more interest and promote his product, Frank gave a few sets of wheels away. Slowly, more and more people began trying the wheels, and the word spread.
"It was a classic snowball situation," says Frank. An order was placed for 2,000 more wheels, followed by an order for 4,000 wheels.
He took out an advertisement in Surfer Magazine, and this boosted interest even higher.
In 1974, just two years after he placed his first order, Frank decided to pursue his skateboard-wheel career full-time.
Cadillac Wheels were becoming extremely popular, and orders were reaching tens of thousands of dollars.
One company Frank was selling to directly was Bahne Skateboards.
Bill and Bob Bahne were brothers who manufactured high-quality surfboards in the same town Frank lived in - Encinitas.
Since the Bahne brothers knew how to work with fiberglass and were skilled at lamination, it was only natural that they would take this expertise and start creating their own line of flexible skateboards.
Frank was enjoying the tremendous success of his Cadillac Wheels, but it was also creating a difficult situation for his small business.
After all, a $50,000 wheel order can be pretty hard on your cash flow.
And by this time, the competition had begun to sit up and take notice of Cadillac.
Roller Sports, the company that Creative Urethanes had originally manufactured roller rink wheels for, decided to enter the picture.
In fact, Roller Sports didn't merely enter the picture. They bought the entire production of wheels from Creative Urethanes.
This was in late 1974, and Roller Sports went on a major marketing/advertising blitz to compete with Cadillac Wheels.
Teaming Up with Bahne Skateboards
When Roller Sports decided to buy the entire production from Creative Urethanes, Frank realized he needed someone else to produce the wheels.
"I wanted to continue in the skateboard industry," explains Frank.
He decided to join up with Bahne Skateboards and started working on new wheels.
The Bahne/Cadillac partnering was responsible for some of the most memorable skateboard promotions the world has ever seen.
Bill Bahne designed special ramps that were awesome in size.
Imagine a ramp made from wood, 150 feet long, 15 feet high, and 30 feet in width. Bahne's ramp first appeared at the Del Mar Championships in the spring of 1975.
Bahne's boards and trucks, along with Cadillac Wheels, were an enormous success.
As Frank recalls, "We put all our money into advertising."
There is no question that Bill Bahne's and Frank Nasworthy's fervent promotion of skateboarding in the early to mid-1970s was a major factor in its resurgence.
However, the companies' profits were being eaten up by tremendous promotion.
Road Rider Wheels and Its Precision Bearings
Frank also realized they were reaching a critical point on the manufacturing side of their business.
Skateboarders desired a soft wheel but found the bearing racers would pop out if it was too soft.
Conversely, if a wheel held the bearing racers in place, it was usually hard and wouldn't provide enough traction.
The decision was made to mold a polycarbonate hub to the wheel to ensure the racers would not pop out.
"It was a good idea," says Frank, "but we used injection molded urethane instead of therma set."
Injection-molded urethane was not as smooth a ride as therma set.
Cadillac also faced competition from Road Rider Wheels. These wheels used precision bearings instead of Cadillac's loose ball bearings.
The Road Rider #2 wheel was a premium product and was considerably more expensive than the Cadillac Wheel.
In the same way that Frank had replaced clay wheels with his urethane wheels, Cadillac's loose bearing wheels were being replaced by premium precision wheels.
"We realized it was a bad decision," says Frank. "Our wheels were dogs compared to Road Rider."
The Cadillac Wheels Skateboard Concourse
Unfortunately, mass production being what it is, Bahne/Cadillac had a million wheels to contend with. In due course, Bahne pulled out of the skateboard industry.
Road Rider Wheels went on to become a market leader, along with Kryptonics and Sims.
As things wound up at Bahne/Cadillac, Frank moved to Florida with a new goal: to design and build a skateboard park filled with challenging and imaginative runs.
The Cadillac Wheels Skateboard Concourse took a tremendous amount of time and energy to plan and build.
Frank again used his innovative mind to come up with something unique.
When the skatepark opened in 1978, it was truly state of the art, with impressive 15-foot pools and enormous bowls.
However, the park was outside and was constantly being shut down due to heavy amounts of rain. Along with uncooperative weather, insurance for the park was difficult to obtain.
Despite Frank's best efforts and the enthusiasm of the skateboarders, the park was shut down in 1979.
Frank eventually returned to school and started working for a manufacturer of high-tech printing products.
Despite the downturn in fortunes for Cadillac Wheels and the Skateboard Concourse, there can be no doubt about the tremendous debt all skateboarders owe to Frank Nasworthy's ability to see beyond clay wheels.
Words by Michael Brooke | Skateboarder and Author of "The Concrete Wave: The History of Skateboarding"